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Key Findings

November 05, 2009

Starting in July 2009, the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists fielded an eight-country team of reporters to uncover the special interests attempting to influence negotiations on a global climate change treaty. Relying on more than 200 interviews, lobbying and campaign contribution records in a half-dozen countries, and on-the-ground reporting from Beijing to Brussels, our team pieced together the story of a far-reaching, multinational backlash by fossil fuel industries and other heavy carbon emitters aimed at slowing progress on control of greenhouse gas emissions. Employing thousands of lobbyists, millions in political contributions, and widespread fear tactics, entrenched interests worldwide are thwarting the steps that scientists say are needed to stave off a looming environmental calamity, the investigation found.

The project fielded reporters in eight of the major economies deemed essential to a successful treaty: Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, India, Japan, and the United States, as well as the European Union. Among our findings:

• Both developed and developing countries are under heavy pressure by fossil fuel industries and other carbon-intensive businesses to slow progress on negotiations and weaken government commitments. The clash cannot simply be framed as one between richer and poorer nations.

• China’s moves to hasten development of renewable energy, Brazil’s pledges to curb Amazon deforestation, and other steps to address climate change in the developing world have prompted a strong pushback from domestic in-country interests determined to maintain the status quo.

• Instead of a broad frontal assault on the climate science that marked the pre-Kyoto battles, lobbyists seeking to dilute the Copenhagen treaty have changed strategy, acknowledging there is a problem while focusing on slowing or easing national commitments.

• The intensity of the lobbying can be seen most clearly in developed countries, where official registers reveal that thousands of industry representatives have attempted to influence climate legislation. In the United States, there are now about 2,810 climate lobbyists — five lobbyists for every member of Congress — a 400 percent jump from six years earlier. And in Australia, Canada, and the European Union, hundreds more lobbyists are at work attempting to block or water down strict limits on carbon emissions.

• Powerful corporations are fielding multinational efforts to influence the debate, such as Peabody Coal, the world’s largest coal company, in Australia and the United States; and oil giant Exxon Mobil in Canada, the European Union, and the United States. Although largely operating at a national level, opponents of a strong climate change treaty are employing similar fear tactics worldwide, including threats of massive blackouts and job losses.

• The voices of scores of business advocates for stronger climate change policy, including alternative energy companies and would-be players in the carbon market, can barely be heard above the clamor of the older, well-capitalized, and deeply entrenched industries that have been lobbying on climate change for more than 20 years.

• As a result of the forces arrayed against stricter emissions limits, no developed nation has made a firm pledge for the kind of emissions cut scientists say will be needed within the next decade to stave off catastrophic climate change.

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“ The developed world has not lived up to the expectations of populations across the globe. … We must break down the barriers between North and South, between developed and developing countries, and establish collaborative arrangements whereby we can work together.”

Rajendra K. Pachauri, chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Rajendra K. Pachauri, chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

“ BusinessEurope makes a lot of contributions to the EU policy debate and is quite often given the floor in the UNFCCC context.”

Daniel Cloquet, director of industrial affairs for BusinessEurope Daniel Cloquet, director of industrial affairs for BusinessEurope

“ The only way to get to these low levels is for the whole world to act together with common targets and a common carbon price. We're not going to have a common approach. We're not going to have everyone with the same target and the same price on carbon.”

Brian Flannery, science program manager, Exxon Mobil Brian Flannery, science program manager, Exxon Mobil

“ Our effort has been on each of these missions, wherever required, we also take business and industry along with us.”

Shyam Saran, India’s special envoy on climate change Shyam Saran, India’s special envoy on climate change

“ We can get something done if it's based on what we all need. We can't get something done if it's based on what we all ideally want.”

Todd Stern, U.S. lead climate negotiator Todd Stern, U.S. lead climate negotiator

“ In the beginning the access is pretty open. … You make three important points over a drink at a reception. It’s the UN fabric. In the beginning you have maybe 200 contacts and at the end only 20. At that point long-term relationships are important.”

Jos Delbeke, European Commission Office of the Directorate-General for the Environment Jos Delbeke, European Commission Office of the Directorate-General for the Environment

“ You’re turning around a huge ocean liner that’s been going in one direction for the whole industrial revolution. It is difficult and requires time. It requires creativity. It requires adaptability. It requires flexibility.”

Stuart Eizenstat, former U.S. ambassador to the EU and President Clinton’s chief negotiator on the Kyoto protocol Stuart Eizenstat, former U.S. ambassador to the EU and President Clinton’s chief negotiator on the Kyoto protocol

“ I don’t want to spend time with senators. I’d rather spend time with staff, because I need to be in the details. People like to say ‘The devil is in the details,’ but my momma taught me God is in the details.”

James Rogers, chief executive of Duke Energy James Rogers, chief executive of Duke Energy

“ The science is clear and conclusive, and the impacts can no longer be ignored.”

President Barack Obama, United States President Barack Obama, United States

“ This is the second independence of Brazil (on the recent discovery of vast oil reserves).”

President Luiz Inacio Lula de Silva, Brazil President Luiz Inacio Lula de Silva, Brazil

“ Many of those industries say they support zero deforestation. They all are favorable to zero deforestation, but only if it doesn’t affect their own land.”

Carlos Minc, Brazil’s environment minister Carlos Minc, Brazil’s environment minister

“ Promising too much, too soon when it comes to alternatives risks rendering the entire effort politically and economically unsustainable. And the world can't afford that.”

Lamar McKay, chairman and president of BP America Lamar McKay, chairman and president of BP America

“ They can’t hinder regulations; that ship has left the dock. Now they try to prepare for this new transition. They say, ‘If we do that, we’ll have a chair at the table and can influence regulation.’ ”

Irja Vormedal, research fellow, University of Oslo Irja Vormedal, research fellow, University of Oslo

“ The usual industry you will find in the BINGO groups are the oil and gas industry, chemical industry — anybody who doesn't want to have their emissions reduced has been coming to this process to try to disrupt it ever since the beginning.”

Rémi Gruet, regulatory affairs advisor, European Wind Energy Association Rémi Gruet, regulatory affairs advisor, European Wind Energy Association

“ The only way you really get leverage is if you can convince a delegation at home that it’s in their interest to have their instructions say this or that.”

Nick Campbell, lobbyist for Arkema Chemicals and climate change chair of the International Chamber of Commerce Nick Campbell, lobbyist for Arkema Chemicals and climate change chair of the International Chamber of Commerce

“ The last thing we want is a target for 2020 that we can’t meet. … We have to reduce our emissions; it’s just a question of speed.”

John Scowcroft, head of environment, Eurelectric John Scowcroft, head of environment, Eurelectric

“ The implication that lobbying somehow is sinister, I don’t buy it. We play an important role in that in terms of information gathering and information sharing.”

Kevin Fay, lobbyist and coolants representative Kevin Fay, lobbyist and coolants representative

“ There’s going to be two more years of detailed nuts and bolts to work out… It's in those details that business will become very active to make sure the rules are written in such a way that favors what they’re going to try to do.”

Doug Russell, former delegate from Canada; now private business consultant Doug Russell, former delegate from Canada; now private business consultant

“ We need to get all the energy and clean it up as fast as we can, as efficiently as we can, while we keep the jobs, because we need the jobs to keep the quality of life improving.”

Red Cavaney, ConocoPhillips Red Cavaney, ConocoPhillips

“ You need a cap on emissions, and you need to signal that that cap is coming so that folks have time to react.”

Michael Allegretti, The Climate Group, an association of corporations and governments Michael Allegretti, The Climate Group, an association of corporations and governments

“ The discussion leading into Copenhagen has been ‘Oh, we need leadership, we need leadership.’ Leadership off a cliff is not leadership.”

John Felmy, economist, the American Petroleum Institute John Felmy, economist, the American Petroleum Institute

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International Consortium of Investigative Journalists

The Center’s International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) is a collaboration of some of the world’s leading investigative reporters. ICIJ extends globally the Center’s style of watchdog journalism, working with 100 reporters in 50 countries to produce long-term, transnational projects.

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